Role of proinflammatory mutations in peri-implantitis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the presence of inflammatory polymorphisms in patients with peri-implantitis (PI). PI is the main complication associated to dental implant therapy. Although its main risk factors are history of periodontitis, poor plaque control and lack of regular maintenance, genetic susceptibility could also be a determinant factor for its appearance. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are small mutations of the DNA that alter the osseointegration of implants. Inflammatory proteins participate in both destruction of the extracellular matrix and reabsorption of the alveolar bone. METHODS: A bibliographical research was made in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (keywords: "single nucleotide polymorphism", "polymorphism", "periimplantitis", "SNP" and "implant failure"). RESULTS: There is a statistically significant association of peri-implant bone loss with the homozygotic model of IL-1ß (- 511) (OR: 2.255; IC: 1.040-4.889). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between inflammatory polymorphisms and PI must be taken with caution due to the heterogeneous methodological design, sample size and diagnostic criteria of the studies. Thus, more well-designed studies are needed that analyze the relationship between these and more SNP and PI.

Validation of microRNA expression profile in Oral Lichenoid Disease through cytological samples

Background: To validate oral exfoliative cytology in the analysis of the microRNA expression profile in Oral Lichenoid Disease (OLD).Material and methods: The expression of 13 microRNAs identified and presented by our group in a previous study was analyzed in 26 cases, 16 diagnosed as OLD and 10 controls with no oral mucosal pathology. Cytological samples from the oral mucosa obtained using an Orcellex toothbrush were analyzed using RT-qPCR and TaqMan microRNA assays. Results: The aberrant expression was validated for 2 microRNAs (miR-146a-5p and miR-7-1-3p) of those previ-ously recognized in the biopsy study.Conclusions: This is the first time that oral exfoliative cytology is validated in a study of the alterations of the expression of microRNAs in OLD. The alteration of miR-146a and miR-7 compared to controls was validated. These microRNAs are associated with both inflammatory and carcinogenic phenomena that are involved in the etiopathogenesis of this potentially malignant oral disorder

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Evaluation of the osteoclastogenic process associated with RANK / RANK-L / OPG in odontogenic myxomas

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is a benign intraosseous neoplasm that exhibits local aggressiveness and high recurrence rates. Osteoclastogenesis is an important phenomenon in the tumor growth of maxillary neoplasms. RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κappa B) is the signaling receptor of RANK-L (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand) that activates the osteoclasts. OPG (osteoprotegerin) is a decoy receptor for RANK-L that inhibits pro-osteoclastogenesis. The RANK / RANK-L / OPG system participates in the regulation of osteolytic activity under normal conditions, and its alteration has been associated with greater bone destruction, and also with tumor growth. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the immunohistochemical expression of OPG, RANK and RANK-L proteins in odontogenic myxomas (OMs) and their relationship with the tumor size. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen OMs, 4 small (<3 cm) and 14 large (> 3cm) and 18 dental follicles (DF) that were included as control were studied by means of standard immunohistochemical procedure with RANK, RANK-L and OPG antibodies. For the evaluation, 5 fields (40x) of representative areas of OM and DF were selected where the expression of each antibody was determined. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed with the obtained data. RESULTS: There are significant differences in the expression of RANK in OM samples as compared to DF (p= 0.022) and among the OMSs and OMLs (p= 0.032). Also a strong association is recognized in the expression of RANK-L and OPG in OM samples. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of the RANK / RANK-L / OPG triad seems to be involved in the mechanisms of bone balance and destruction, as well as associated with tumor growth in odontogenic myxomas

The role of microRNAs in oral lichenoid disorders. Systematic review

Background: Certain changes in the microRNA expression are considered to be associated with chronic inflammatory processes and with the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders. The purpose of this systematic review is to update the existing data on the aberrant microRNA expression profiles identified in oral lichenoid disease (OLD). Material and Methods: A search in PubMed-Medline and Scopus was performed on the English literature published between 2010 and August 2016 using the following keywords: oral lichenoid disease, oral lichen planus and microRNA. Results: Originally, 25 articles were considered, of which 12 case-control articles were selected according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Conclusions: OLD seems to have altered microRNA expression profile. Certain altered microRNAs (146a, 155) may be useful as biomarkers for this disorder. More studies including larger number of cases are needed in order to study further on the biological processes and on the regulation pathways of these altered microRNAs (AU)

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Toll-like receptor 2 rs4696480 polymorphism and risk of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorder.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the possible association between TLR polymorphisms and an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer, including oral (OSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and oral potentially malignant disorders, such as oral lichenoid disease (OLD), including oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL). DESIGN: This case-control study included 40 OSCC, 35 LSCC, 175 OLD (129 OLP and 46 OLL) patients and 89 healthy controls, all of them from the Basque Country, Spain. Genetic polymorphisms in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR9, and TLR10 were genotyped by TaqMan® assays or pyrosequencing. RESULTS: The chi-square analysis showed that the variant A of the SNP TLR2-rs4696480 polymorphism significantly increased the risk of OSCC (p=0.03) and OLL (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The TLR2-rs4696480 polymorphism may be relevant to OSCC and OLL susceptibility in this population encouraging further studies on the TLR2 pathway and its possible association with this group of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. This may also prove the use of TLR polymorphisms as risk markers for oral and laryngeal cancer.

Polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco metabolism genes in head and neck cancer in the Basque Country.

BACKGROUND: The Basque Country has one of the highest rates of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in Europe, although tobacco and alcohol consumption are not high when compared to other European countries where HNSCC incidence is lower. Our aim was to determine the role of genetic variation with regard to the metabolism of alcohol and carcinogens from tobacco smoke in the Basque Country. METHODS: Fourteen polymorphisms in alcohol or tobacco metabolism genes were genotyped in 84 HNSCC patients and 242 healthy individuals from the Basque Country. RESULTS: ADH1B histidine allele (rs1229984), CYP2E1 rs3813867 heterozygous genotype, and GSTT1 deletion conferred protection against HNSCC (OR: 0.318 [0.04-0.75], OR: 0.13 [0.02-0.94], and OR: 0.12 [0.02-0.60], respectively) while GSTP1 (rs1695) Val/Val genotype was related to an increased risk (OR: 4.12 [1.11-15.31]). Regarding alcohol and tobacco habits, GSTT1 deletion was associated with tobacco usage, while the 3 polymorphisms tested in ALDH2 were associated with alcohol consumption. However, genotypic distributions of these 7 SNPs did not differ from those observed for other Caucasian populations where HNSCC incidence is lower. CONCLUSIONS: The identified genotypic variations in alcohol and tobacco metabolizing genes only by themselves do not seem to be responsible for the higher incidence of HNSCC observed in the Basque Country.